Below is a chart showing Twelve Sons of Prophet Yaqoob alayhissalaam, through whom emerged the 12 Tribes of Israel.
From the 'Children [descendants] of Israel' those who follow the Jewish religion are known as 'Yahood' in Arabic, which is the same as the English word 'Jews'. The name is derived from 'Yahooda', one of Nabi Yaqoob alayhissalaam's sons. This is because in tribes and clans, it is very common to name the tribe or clan after a famous member of the tribe. Check the following link to study further about tribes and clans: Tribes and Clans.
Please Note: Arabic names are Arabised and English names are Anglicanised. The true pronunciation would have been Hebrew since that was the language they spoke. It is very close to Arabic since they are both Semitic languages.